Which of the following is a non-vascular land plant?

Bryophytes are classified as non-vascular land plants, which primarily include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Unlike vascular plants, which possess specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients (xylem and phloem), bryophytes lack these structures. This absence of vascular tissue means that bryophytes rely on diffusion and osmosis for the movement of water and nutrients, which limits their size and the environments they can thrive in.

Bryophytes are typically found in moist habitats where they can absorb water directly through their surfaces. This adaptation is crucial for their reproduction, which often requires water for sperm to swim to the egg during fertilization.

In contrast, angiosperms and gymnosperms are vascular plants with the necessary structures for efficient nutrient and water transport, allowing them to grow larger and inhabit a more diverse range of environments. Monocots, being a subgroup of angiosperms, also follow this vascular plant category. Thus, bryophytes are uniquely distinguished by their lack of vascular tissue, defining them clearly as non-vascular land plants.