What cellular process is responsible for the exchange of genetic information?

The process responsible for the exchange of genetic information is crossing over. This event occurs during meiosis, specifically in prophase I when homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of genetic material. This exchange leads to new combinations of alleles, which increases genetic diversity among the resulting gametes.

During crossing over, the physical contact between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes facilitates the swapping of genetic segments, contributing to the genetic variation that is essential for evolution and adaptation in populations. This mechanism is crucial for sexual reproduction, as it ensures that offspring have a unique mix of traits inherited from their parents.

In contrast, the other processes mentioned do not primarily involve the exchange of genetic information. Cell division, while important for growth and reproduction, primarily involves the duplication and distribution of existing genetic material rather than exchanging it. Mutations refer to changes in the DNA sequence that can also create genetic variation but do not involve the exchange of genetic information between individuals. Cell differentiation is the process through which cells become specialized for specific functions, and it does not involve genetic exchange.